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News, Reviews & Commentary on Lesbian and Bisexual women in Entertainment and the Media

Sarah Warn

by Sarah Warn

High school girls debate "Twilight" vs. "Harry Potter"

First I should state upfront that I'm a fan of the Harry Potter series (and the movies), and really, really tried to like the Twilight books, but I just couldn't get past constant gushing about Edward (not because Bella was gushing about a guy, but because it was repetitive and boring and just not good writing).

I finally saw the Twilight movie this weekend, and liked it much better than the book. Kristen Stewart was good as the moody Bella, director Catherine Hardwick really captured the lighting and mood of the Pacific Northwest, and the racial diversity of the cast was refreshing (not just the casting of actual Native Americans, but the fact that her friends were racially diverse, and some of the other supporting characters were people of color, too). But that doesn't really change my opinion of the Twilight books.

I like the idea of a hugely popular series revolving around a teen girl, but why can't it be the Gemma Doyle trilogy instead, which is much better written and focuses on a girl fighting to save the world, instead of fighting her attraction to a dangerous boy?

Although it seems that most professional critics would side with Harry Potter on which is a better series, there is sharp disagreement among teens — especially teen girls, as articles and blog posts like "Twilight: Teen Girls vs. Critics" have noted (and the monstrous ticket sales for both movies have proven).

So recently, the Seattle Public Library had the inspired idea to host a debate by teen girls on the topic. Around 400 people showed up, mostly people under 20 — and when is the last time you've heard of that many teenagers voluntarily going to the library?

Fortunately, my friend Brent Hartinger, who writes for our brother site AfterElton.com and recently launched his own website focused on fantasy-related movies, TV shows, and books called TheTorchOnline.com, got permission to film the debate, and he edited it down to a interesting 8-minute video.

In the debate, the two teams of girls argue topics, like "Why do these books deserve such popularity?" and "What do these books say about prejudice in society?"

Almost three minutes into the video, the girls tackle the topic of how women are portrayed in the series.

Team Twilight argues that Bella is relatable, but Team Potter says she's not strong enough, pointing out that "at the end of the first book, she has more than just her boyfriend, she has her friends, she has her family. But by the end of the series, all she has is her boyfriend, basically."

Then Team Potter really goes in for the kill:

Harry Potter portrays a wide variety of strong female characters ... Hermione is brilliant, she suffers from prejudice, from being muggle-born, but she rises to it, she's so loyal to Harry throughout the series, she knows exactly what she's doing, she's one of the strongest female characters you might ever read about.

Bella has low self-esteem, she depends on the male characters in the book, and she kinda portrays the stereotypical weak, dependant girl, and that's not an image we want to be putting on teenage girls.

Team Twilight responds, "I do admit, that was really good," to laughter from the crowd, before proceeding to defend Twilight by saying Alice was a strong character, and that the Twilight books are telling readers they don't have to be like Bella.

While this is hardly an exhaustive examination of the topic, it's refreshing to see girls discussing these topics themselves, and to hear their opinions on the books, instead of just hearing from people like me. (I also liked how respectful everyone was during the debate, since respect for dissenting opinions is generally lacking in public debate these days).

Watch the debate here now, and then let me which series you think is better fiction, and better for girls, in the comments.

Seattle high school students debate the Harry Potter vs. Twilight

One last request: please refrain from making negative comments about any of the girls doing the debating. They're teenagers, and they're not professional debaters, just passionate fans.

  • Sarah Warn's blog
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  • Chase's picture

    I'm excited that so many people are interested in books

    I like how there are so many girls interested in and opinionated about books at such a young age!
    Jennifer's picture

    HP

    Well, I am a diehard Harry Potter fan. I wasn't interested in reading Twilight or seeing the movie, but eventually a friend convinced me to read the first book. It was really well-written, a joy to read, even though I didn't feel emotionally drawn to any of the characters.

    Harry Potter books create a whole new world, and I loved many of the characters.

     I guess I'm trying to say I think both had their strengths; my pick of the two is Harry Potter.

    Que's picture

    twilight

    is not well written-it may be a catchy story line for girls who love vampires and dream of having sex with them but it is not well written. anybody can write a book like that. for you to even say that twilight is well-written is like saying adolf  hitler was a good person at heart.
    SusanSusanSusan's picture

    Wow. Hitler? Really?

    I haven't read Twilight, nor have I seen the movies - and I won't - so, it's Harry Potter by a landslide for me. 

    I think a better analogy might be, "Saying that Twilight is well-written is like saying Paris Hilton is a good singer, or that Tom Selleck is a good actor."  Something that is eye-candy or 'pop-culture candy' is not necessarily good artistically.

    CodeBlue's picture

    Harry Potter all the way!!

    Twilight is just not well written. I is definitely better mostly cuz i LOVE Kristen Stewart. Harry Potter is just crazy amazing
    Erika's picture

    Harry Potter vs. Twilight

    We do things like this during school but its never organized, just really random.  Someone will decide to talk about either of the books and an argument will break out.  The guys never join in but just sit back and watch.  Most people are on Team Twilight but I am a strong Potter fan.  The first time I read Harry Potter I knew right of the bat that I liked Hermione.  I didn't exactly know why then but at this age I think it was because she was the type of person I wanted to grow up to be.  She was smart, independent, and just all around likeable.  I'm not saying Bella isn't any of those but the entire series is about her and Edward.  That was the first thing that turned me off from Twilight. 

    --------

    "Great.  Not only do I feel creepy but now I look like I'm 1,000 and that I've been smoking meth all my life." -Sara Quin

    apply_directly_to_forehead's picture

    HP

    I'd pick Harry Potter over Twilight in a heartbeat. I tried to read the Twilight series and had every intention to get into it, but I thought the writing was terrible and couldn't get past the first few chapters of the first book.
    nixawme's picture

    NO ARGUING OVER THIS ONE

    "it was repetitive and boring and just not good writing" YES YES YES.... plus HP is just so perfectly written there is just no arguing over this one. i mean one could like twilight better but there is NO way twilight is a better book. English is not my first language and i found many, and i mean MANY spelling/edit/grammar... errors on just the parts of twilight that i could read. But hey any book that gets kids these days reading is fine by me.

    Cassie's picture

    Twilight!

    Twilight!

    Because Kristen Stewart is HOTTTTT!

     

    But in all seriousness, I think the amount of fiction in both series are equal.

     

    I'm glad kids are still debating about books nowadays! 

    insertSobriquet's picture

    EQUAL!? Okay have you read

    EQUAL!? Okay have you read these books? Twilight is a joke compared to Harry Potter. JK Rowling created a whole WORLD, her own creatures, her own words! Stephenie Meyer quoted things like "Rotten Tomatoes.com" are YOU KIDDING ME?!

     

    You can choose one over the other, but PLEASE dont say they're "EQUAL" that's an insult to the BRILLIANT Harry Potter series.

    Soccergirl1023's picture

    Harry Potter for sure!

    Harry Potter for sure!
    VivIvonette's picture

    HP FTW!

    As a teenage girl I have to say there is no possible comparison between Twilight and HP. People say that Twilight was written well, but there are errors that you can find in them, grammar errors, spelling errors. I realize people aren't perfect, but some of those just should have been caught.

    I agree with what the debators for HP were saying, about everything, it is a book for all genders and ages, it's one you can read multiple times and still get something new out of it. That is great literature.

    Sure, Twilight is good for a "kind of crappy" romance, and we all know Alice is better than Edward, but I'd rather read about strong women and an actual fight for the survival of a people than a girl crying over her controlling boyfriend. My opinion.

    pink_sheep's picture

    I think that...

    I think that it's great that these teens are so into books, period. It seems that in the age of internet and what-not most teens aren't spending as much time reading, I know that my brother is NOT a reader and it's rare to find him not in front of his computer. 

    In reference to the two different series, I have read neither in their entirely. Therefore I have no comment on either. 

    Kudos to reading though....

    =D

    Tmboy's picture

    Hands down Harry Potter all

    Hands down Harry Potter all the way.  I tried to read twilight after the Harry Potter series because i felt there was a void.  LOL.  But i just could not get into it.  The whole freaking thing is about her and chasing a boy.  I just couldnt get into it.

     

    ALSO people need to stop being suprised that teenagers read.  I read more when i was a teenager  than I do now.

    blonde101's picture

    hahahaha

    I pretty much only replied to you because you have the best avatar. Quite funny. Sooo true. 

     

    Twilight the book is boring. I only read book 1 and that was after forcing myself to finish it. Twilight the movie was awesome. I've seen it multiple times and have the dvd. Perhaps now that I have characters in my head that i like, I can pick up the 2nd book when I have time. 

    Harry Potter is the best though. Fantastic writing and movies. 

     

     

    bekonia's picture

    There is no contest really,

    There is no contest really, Harry Potter is in all ways superior to the twilight novels and can't really be compared.  I agree with Sarah that the Twilight novels were often repetetive in saying how 'beautiful' Edward was etc etc, it made me cringe at times, especially after the hundredth time.  I really enjoyed the Twilight novels but emotionally I did not connect with the characters and lack of subplots made the story quite boring at times.. Whereas in the Harry Potter novels, the writing is of such great quality and storylines well thought out (although I did think the last HP dragged its feet a little).

     

    It's great though that girls are getting impassioned about these books but just unfortunate that it is about a character who's be all and end all is her boyfriend...

    Von18's picture

    Anyone else think they're pretty different?

    I think it's interesting that these two get compared so much, because other than the obvious fact they are both about every day people mixed into fantastical worlds, they are pretty different. Twilight is essentially a romance novel, while HP is all about the magical side. 

    I loved Harry Potter when I was younger, but because they were released so slowly I grew out of them and loss interest by the last one. That said it has a much wider audience, kids to adults read it, while Twilight is aimed much more specifically at teenage girls. Being a teenage girl I now prefer Twilight.

    I also prefer Twilight because I am TOTALLY crushing on Kristen Stewart. She has got to be gay, right? 

    Edit: Also the writing styles are completely different. HP 's writing is very intricate and detailed, and tells a thousand different stories in one; Twilight reads a little like a fan fiction, it's slow moving and you're left to your own devices much more (although it's still rather explicit).
    Sorry for the long comment! If you read this far, I commend you. :)

    VivIvonette's picture

    Very different

    I agree with you on the writing styles are very different. I think one of the things that bugs me about Twilight is the fact that it is like fanfiction, and the fact that I've read Twilight fanfiction that is written better than the actual books. I personally think that's a little sad.
    Anonymous's picture

    So glad to see some intelligent teenagers...

    I am so glad to see some intelligent teenagers debating WELL and with greatly formed vocabularies (considering their age). It's extremely refreshing. 

    Personally, I prefer Harry Potter, and always will. 

    http://bunnyhaze.blogspot.com/
    eve_jig_it's picture

    Harry Potter!

    easy choice.

     

     

    teague's picture

    I'm a

    teenaged girl and a rabid fan of Harry Potter. Twilight not so much. I've read all the books of both series and in my mind Harry Potter wins hands down, not only for it's portrayal of strong female characters, but for it's overall depth and ability to immerse me into such an amazing world. However, I don't think I am your average teenage girl (I am on this site and I do go to the library quite often), so I am able to see the appeal of the Twilight series to many of my peers. To them it is more accesible (it doesn't have, as they put it, "sci-fi jargon") and indulges their thirst for what they most want: the perfect boyfriend.
    jUsTRaE's picture

    HARRY POTTER

    i think for the age of these girls they did an ok job however the rightfully great series won and that was harry potter. twlight is centered around a low self esteem teenager who depends soley on her boarder line domestically abusive boyfriend 

    RAE

    jordan-writes's picture

    Pffffffff!!!!!!

    No question. Harry Potter till I die!!! Hermione kicks that Twilight chicks ass! I'm going to be honest, I didn't read Twilight (even though all my straight friends tell me it's a must). I would really rather read Harry Potter a million times over (which I already have) while watching Buffy the Vampire Slayer (which I currently am) than even glance at the cover of the Twilight book. Tue story.

    http://jordan-writes.blogspot.com/

    gidge's picture

    Harry Potter!!!!

    I definitely think that in terms of the stories they do seem different.

    HP is better written, has more involved storylines, and isn't centralized around romance. I tried to read Twilight, but it just did not work. Maybe if I had started when I was nine, because that's the reading level it's at. I started reading HP at 11 and became so deeply involved that I treat each of my novels as one of the most important things I own. I grew up with those characters. Twilight does NOT have you so invested and wanting more.

    The entire time I was reading this I was listing off the exact same reasons Hermoine is awesome. I would just like to add that she did punch out Draco :) She also

    I've never been a fan of romance novels, although I think that Bella is relatable in some ways (I am EXTREMELY clumsy also) but the only reason I saw the movie was for Kristen Stewart.

    She's an awesome actress. Not bad to look at either ;)

    Silvia's picture

    i know what you mean...

    i love my Harry Potter books (I even own Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages) and i don't let anyone borrow them or go near them unless they are under my intense supervision.

    Anyway, I read the first HP book when i was 11 because my English teacher used to read to us in the afternoon and i swear that when i got home i asked my parents to take me to the book store and i bought it and read it almost non-stop in 2 days.  my parents thought it was a miracle because i used to not read and they motivated me to write out a fantasy world of my own...not that i'm as good or complex as JK Rowling but i'm working on it.

    Davonie's picture

    HP

    I just like the whole concept of HP better then twilight which twilight is ok and all but the whole story line doesn't interest me too much. HP for one just seems cooler or cooler then vampires anyway.
    Kaisa's picture

    Definitely Harry Potter. 

    Definitely Harry Potter.  I'm not a fan  of either series and I've only read excerpts of both, but the writing in Twilight is just god-awful.  The characters are lacking...Edward and Bella are deeply boring people in the book and the movie.  I couldn't help but wonder why in the hell they were so in love with each other...Edward had all the charm and personality of a rock and Bella was just moody and annoying.  Plus, I'm not really into abstinence-porn.
    iieee's picture

    Different

    As far as I can tell the only common likeness between the two is that they both have supernatural themes, so you may aswell be comparing The X-files and Charmed.  

    Oh and another commanality is that both authors are laughing all the way to the bank regardless of what people think of them. 

    Casee's picture

    Whoa

    I wasn't aware that Twilight was in the same league as Harry Potter.  For one, the writing in Harry Potter is much more sophisticated, in both plot and the level of diction.  Twilight is rather flat in comparison to the complexities of the HP world.

    Hermione has always been one of my favorite characters in the book (and it doesn't hurt that she's played by the wonderful Emma Watson).  She has really proved that she can hold her own under the worst circumstances.

    In defense of Bella's character, though, she was pretty much powerless for the majority of the books compared to the vampires.  She would have to depend on all of them for protection as a matter of practicality.  And besides, not every female character has to be strong.  I think people just need to be aware the Bella's not the ideal.

    Caty's picture

    Awesome Twilight/Mormon review

    This is easily my favorite Twilight review-

    http://stoney321.livejournal.com/317176.html

    Jenn's picture

    HP

    Harry Potter, 100%. For some reason I never liked HP when it first came out but now I love love love it. I'm reading them all a second time around.

    Make FREE LEGIT money online. I've made 60 bucks in just two weeks already. Once a month check that really comes in handy!

     

    http://cashcrate.com/1189280

    Ally's picture

    Harry Potter for sure...

    I've seen all the Harry Potter movies (only read the first three, unfortunately), read the Twilight series, and have seen theTwilight movie. In terms of who is the better female teen role model, I'd have to go with Hermoine all the way. She can hold her own,and she's shown on more than one occasion that she's very capable of handling herself. 

    With Twilight, I liked the series as a whole, but I one of my main gripes about it was that the leading female character- Bella- didn't seem very strong to me and that she was very dependent upon Edward. I know that not every female character is not supposed to be this strong "I am woman hear me roar!" type, but every now and then while reading Twilight I would just shout "Okay we get it! Edward is the perfect be all end all man! Now let's move on!" 

    Eliza's picture

    Harry Potter!

    Having read all the books from both series and seen all the movies thus far, I have to go with Harry Potter. I do have friends who adore Twilight, and I have to admit I enjoyed them at first (basically because I wanted to marry Alice!), but between the fourth book and the movie I just stopped being interested. I'm sure part of it has to do with the fact that I can't really relate to Bella at all once her whole life becomes about gushing over her boyfriend and needing her to be around her at all times, but there's also the writing and everything else that people have been pointing out. I was actually discussing this with one of the other girls on my floor a few months back, and we were venting about how much Twilight ended just like a poorly written fanfiction (I don't want to give details in case someone hasn't read it and was planning to). But yeah, HP all the way!

    P.S.-I agree with Sarah, I wish they would make movies out of the Gemma Doyle trilogy instead of Twilight-such cool books! 

    Autumn's picture

    Itsn't  A  Great And

    Itsn't  A  Great And Terriable Beauty, gonna be a movie??
    Eliza's picture

    Is it?

    Come to think of it, I think you're right. Now I just have to worry about them messing it up...oh boy!
    Cullen's picture

    Harry Potter of course

    This is a matter of a classic vs. best newer release of the last couple years I think.  And Hermione is the best :-) (we need to have an ability to put polls in posts like this i think)
    pahke's picture

    harry potter!

    i was impressed with both arguments, and while i loved twilight, harry potter is most definitely the better book.
    red.fireflies's picture

    Can We Say Harry Potter!? :)

    Is this even questionable...haahahaha Harry Potter is awweessomeee...even though both books have dreamy characters that alot of girls/guys would love to be, Twilight just wasn't written as well as Harry Potter
    chismes's picture

    Harry Potter.

    As a sixteen year old who has read both series, I really have to go with Harry Potter on this one. I really do dislike Bella and Edward in Twilight, separately or together. Bella's whiny, weak, and co-dependent. Edward's controlling, stifling, obsessive, creepy, and so emo that it makes me want to slap the frown off his broody face. The secondary characters were way more interesting than Bella and Edward. *cough* ALICE! *cough*

    Harry Potter, on the other hand, is a different story. Granted, I haven't re-read the books in over a year, but still. The writing is exponentially better. Seriously, how many times in one page of Twilight can you read "omg, i'm soo in love, i can't live without him, i wanna cry" before it gets repetitive? It's so much more well-developed. In Twilight, there are so many plot holes it's basically a two-inch-thick block of Swiss cheese. 

    Oh, and I totally agree about the whole lead female thing. I had such a crush on Hermione when I first read the books. No joke, I totally thought Hermione was gonna turn out gay until she got with Ron. :P

    Then again, the fact that I'm gay makes me just a little bit biased (understatement). I mean, come on. Boy-dependent whiny girl, or headstrong intelligent girl? No contest.

     

    Anonymous's picture

    Potterhead

    I had the same organized debate this summer, of course representing Potterheads everywhere. We won by a landslide as well, with bonus points because my friend and I showed up with lightning bolt scars drawn on our foreheads and challenged the Twilight team to a duel when we thought they were being stupid.

    Katherine's picture

    harry pottterrrrr

    it was written way better than twilight for one (twilight reads like bad fanfiction!!! come on!!), there is actually a plot, and overarching themes that can be discussed, and a plot, and better writing, and a plot? and is intentionally funny instead of funny at its expense..

    i don't know if twilight can be compared to harry potter though, beyond both being wildly popular, because twilight seems to be mostly a love/angst story with attempts at being "ooh fight the bad guys", and harry potter an adventure fighting evil story with love in it. and is also better written. ok i'll stop now.

    no but seriously, twilight doesn't even have any significant conflicts. every little bump in bella's life resolves itself so perfectly and easily it's not fun to watch unfold. the movie was pretty, but did not capture my attention very well (i did a lot of zoning out and staring and not thinking..). harry potter much more engaging. that's what i think.

    oh and in terms of which is better for girls... harry potter? but i think intended audiences differ for each. harry potter isn't gender-specific but includes strong female characters, twilight is meant for girls (?) and has characters i really cannot relate to, not because i'm gay, but because i've never pined for someone in such an extensive/intense way. in terms of like, better literature though, i'd still go with harry potter. i think the level/quality of writing in hp compared to twilight would at least be beneficial to readers in some way... even though the protagonist in hp is male, females can still relate to him, or through other strong and fleshed out and well developed female characters.

    Gingaling's picture

    Def Different . . but Harry Potter wins

    They're def different styles, different reasons to enjoy them an to be fair I didnt think twilight was that well written, I ploughed through them as a promise to my best mate

    I really couldnt warm up to Bella at all at first, I really didnt like her, her decisions or the reasons behind them, jsut totally couldnt relate to her. I agree shes not the best role model, gushing all over the placve hiding things an not listening to anyone at all

    I did eventually enjoy the twilight series but not until the fourth one where Bella really comes into her own and starts taking charge, although she still didnt listen to anyone/accept any help but it all turned out grand in the end.

    Harry Potter on the other hand is genius! such a lush full world JK created for us. The descriptions and way it all unfolds as Harry learns is fantastic. I love it, its total escapism. Most of the female characters are strong in different ways an JK admitted she always thought of Dumbledore as gay but not relevant to the story. Hermione is such a good role model, spesh now shes lightened up a bit!

    "I love magic" Harry Potter, The Goblet Of Fire

    chicagoarchitect's picture

    Alice

    i like both Harry Potter and Twilight, but I have to say, I love Alice Cullen.  She has some of the best lines in the series and I think they did a great job in picking the actress to play her part in the movie.  Therefore, Twilight is way better than Harry Potter in my book.
    ekundayo's picture

    Snape crucios Edward!

    I've read both series and i have to say that Twilight is a horrible, horrible series that made me feel sad because i love vampire stories. I found myself having to read some Anne Rice to recover. There's no comparison to Harry Potter series. In Harry Potter i feel like all of the characters had an important role throughout the series and that was great. Even the so-called minor characters stood out.  I don't want to reveal too much for those who haven't read these stories, but in Twilight the two main characters are the focus of course but the others depend on them to get noticed. That's the problem with Twilight; the characters should stand out individually as well as blend with the main storyline; and they just don't. And don't get me started on the so-called villains..they are quite forgettable...

     

    MizEloise's picture

    im obsessed with kristen stewart

    so i found out she was going to be in the movie twilight and i read the series. not great literature and repetitive, its like something out of my diary in high school. that being said, my diary in high school was pretty entertaining.

     

    kristen makes bella into a likeable character.

     

    i am looking fwd to the next 2 movies, however if they make a 4th i prob wont go, i dont want to see a pregnant kstew bein nearly killed by her half vampire half human baby.

    betty26's picture

    Harry Potter

    I absolutely love Harry Potter.  The books hooked me right from the beginning.  And I tried to read Twilight and couldn't do it.  I couldn't handle the writing style.

     But I do have to say that Gemma Doyle is one of the best characters ever!!  If you haven't read A Great and Terrible Beauty, you should. Amazing!

    Ali's picture

    Ok

    I may be alone on this but that was the most boring video that I have ever seen here. That being said, I would pick Harry Potter. lol
    andyblue7's picture

    HP

    Harry Potter all the way!!!
    mitch's picture

    Both are good in their own way

    I still remember the first time I read Twilight so many years ago. I put it down breathlessly - I loved it. But that being said, I've also been a huge Harry Potter fan since 2nd grade.

    Both books have their strengths and weaknesses but in the end I would have to say that the Harry Potter series is superior by far. Rowling's books have a variety of colourful characters, many mythological and magical references (you can tell she did her homework), and worthwhile messages behind it. On the other hand, while I do relate with Bella so much and I absolutely adore Alice to pieces, the Twilight series seems more...superficial. The writing's pretty but really, is there anything behind it? And compared to Harry Potter's plot, it's not as intricate and interesting. But of course the Harry Potter series had more books to draw out and set the plot.

    It's been a while since I've read either series but in retrospect I just get the feeling that you get more out of reading Harry Potter than the Twilight books.

    And it's good to hear that teenagers are talking about books. Too bad I don't live anywhere near Seattle. Debate + Books sounds like my kind of thing.

    ami's picture

    Can they even be compared

    , Harry Potter and Twilight?

     Harry Potter was an incredible series that impacted the youth of the entire world! It sparked imagination in so many audiences with an absolutely original storyline, and a character for almost everyone to relate to. It touched on so many different themes, and took an entire generation by storm, creating readers out of a video game nation, and letting everyone believe in magic again.

    Twilight, on the other hand, took a bunch of horny teen girls by storm, and made them want to have sex with vampire boys who don't sleep. I got up to chapter three of the first book before I gave up. The writing was awful; I could actually feel my brain melting as I turned the gibbirish-filled pages. It was PAINFUL, not to mention unimaginative, and boring! It was the worst 40 or so pages of size 16 font i've ever read in my life.

     Twilight has weak characters, no themes, and is (to put it bluntly) porn for pre-teens.

     

    Therefore, they cannot be compared. Twilight, in my opinion, cannot truthfully be called literature any more than a paperback romance bought at the drug store.

     

    I'm a bit of a literary snob, but this is how i feel.